Article Information

Aktar MN¹*, Smriti M², Rahman M³, Haque KS⁴, Islam M⁵, Kundu PR⁶, Islam N⁷, Sharmin SN⁸

¹Dr. Mossa. Nupur Aktar, Assistant Registrar, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shaheed M. Mansur Ali Medical College Hospital, Sirajganj, Bangladesh.

²Dr. Marfoonnahar Smriti, Registrar, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mugda Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh

³Dr. Mahfuzur Rahman, Assistant Registrar, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shaheed M. Mansur Ali Medical College Hospital, Sirajganj, Bangladesh.

⁴Dr. Kazi Sanzida Haque, Resident Surgeon, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cumilla Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

⁵Dr. Mahmuda Islam, Assistant Registrar, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shaheed M. Mansur Ali Medical College Hospital, Sirajganj, Bangladesh

⁶Dr. Popy Rani Kundu, OSD, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

⁷Dr. Nadia Islam, Assistant Registrar, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shaheed M. Mansur Ali Medical College Hospital, Sirajganj, Bangladesh.

⁸Dr. Shah Noor Sharmin, Medical officer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Mossa. Nupur Aktar, Assistant Registrar, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shaheed M. Mansur Ali Medical College Hospital, Sirajganj, Bangladesh.

Received: 30 April 2024; Accepted: 06 March 2024; Published: 09 May 2024

Citation: Aktar MN, Smriti M, Rahman M, Haque KS, Islam M, Kundu PR, Islam N, Sharmin SN. Association of Highly Sensitive C-Reactive Protein with the Severity of Preeclampsia and Fetal Outcome. Obstetrics and Gynecology Research. 7 (2024): 31-36.

Abstract

Keywords

hsCRP; PE; Fetal outcome

Article Details

Introduction

Preeclampsia is one of the most common complications after 20 weeks of gestation and characterized by high systemic blood pressure and proteinuria (ACOG practice bulletin 2002) [1]. It affects 2-8% of the obstetrics population worldwide and associated with higher maternal mortality and morbidity as well as neonatal mortality and morbidity (Duley et al., 2009) [2]. Globally 76,000 women and 500,000 babies die each year from this disorder (Kuklina et al., 2009) [3]. Furthermore, women in low resource countries are at a high risk of developing preeclampsia compared with those in high resource countries (Poon et al., 2019) [4]. In Bangladesh the incidence is alarmingly high and about 24% maternal death is associated with Eclampsia, a complication of preeclampsia Other major complications of preeclampsia is premature delivery and need for NICU utilization with its inherent problem [5]. About 10% of women with preeclampsia/eclampsia develop HELLP syndrome. The disease may be mild and inconsequential or may be severe enough to cause death or significant maternal morbidity from stroke, seizures, cerebral oedema, hepatic failure, renal failure, HELLP syndrome (haemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), abruptio placentae. Fetal and neonatal consequences include intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), still birth and severe prematurity due to premature termination of pregnancy for maternal indication (Deirdre, 2004) [6]. FIGO adopts the definition of preeclampsia which is provided by the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) (Poon et al., 2019) [7].

The cause of preeclampsia remains unknown but many factors seem to be associated with its development (Sibai et al., 2005) [8]. The exact pathogenesis of preeclampsia is not determined so far. It is suggested that toxic combination of imbalance of angiogenic, hypoxia, impaired immunity and inflammations are associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia. C-reactive protein is an important component of the innate immune system and is initially produced in the liver as an acute phase protein in response to inflammatory stimuli (Black et al., 2004) [9]. C-reactive protein is an acute phase protein widely used as an indicator of infectious or inflammatory conditions. Traditionally it has been used as an adjunctive test for inflammation and as a marker of disease activity (Azizia et al.,2005) [10].

Normal human serum contains C-reactive protein <10 mg/L and this value increases with age but no difference between sexes (Palosuo et al., 1986) [11]. Slightly higher levels are found in late pregnancy mild inflammation and viral infection causes elevation in the range of 10-40 mg/L, while moderate inflammation and bacterial infection may produce level of 40-200 mg/L. Level over 200 mg/L are found in severe bacterial infections and burns [12]. C-reactive protein being a sensitive marker of tissue damage and inflammation, can be a potential marker and play a role in eliciting the inflammatory response characteristics of preeclampsia (Paternoster et al., 2006) [13].

Methodology

This case-control study was carried out in the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, during July 2019 to June 2021. A total of 60 patients were participated in the study. Patients admitted into indoor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Dhaka Medical college Hospital fulfilling the selection criteria were included in this study. Study sample included preeclampsia with severe features (Case group) and preeclampsia without severe features (Control group). After taking consent and matching eligibility criteria, data were collected from patients on variables of interest using the predesigned structured questionnaire by interview, observation. Statistical analyses of the results were obtained by using window-based Microsoft Excel and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-24).

Results

Table-I: Age distribution of the study population

Table I shows Age distribution of the study population. Maximum study subjects were in 21 – 30 years age group. Mean age of the study subjects was 28.13 ± 6.02 and 26.07 ± 5.44 years in PE with severe features and PE without severe features respectively. There was no significant difference among the groups.

Table-II: Obstetric characteristics of the study subjects (N=60)

Table II shows obstetrics parameters of the study subjects. Nullipara was higher in PE with severe features and multigravida was higher in PE without severe features.  Antenatal care was found more irregular in PE patients with severe features subjects than without severe features.  Preterm pregnancy was higher in PE with severe features than PE without severe features. There were no significant differences in parity, gravidity, antenatal care and gestational age between the groups.

Table III: Blood pressure, hsCRP of the study subjects (N=60)

Table III shows systolic and diastolic blood pressure were found significantly higher in PE patients with severe features than without severe features. hsCRP was found significantly higher in PE with severe features than PE without severe features.

Table IV:  Fetal outcome of the study subjects (N=60)

Table IV shows APGAR score of the neonate was significantly better of PE patients without severe features than with severe features patients both at birth and at 5 minutes. Average birth weight of the neonate was found significantly higher of the PE patients without severe features than with severe features patients. There was 5 (16.7%) very LBW of neonates of  PE with severe features patients but none in PE without severe features patients. Intrauterine growth retardation, and prematurity were found significantly higher in PE with severe features patients comparing PE without severe features.

Figure I: Bar diagram showing hsCRP level in PE patients with and without severe features

Figure I show the bar diagram showing hsCRP level in PE patients with and without severe features. Here hsCRP of PE patients with severe features was 13.9 mg/l and PE patients without severe features was 7.5 mg/l.

Table V: Correlation of hsCRP with blood pressure (N=60)

Table V shows correlation of hsCRP with blood pressure. There was significant positive correlation of hsCRP with systolic BP and diastolic BP.

Table VI: Association of APGAR score of the neonate with mother’s hsCRP in PE patients (N=60)

Table VI shows Association of APGAR score of the neonate with mother’s hsCRP in PE patients. hsCRP found significantly higher in neonates with low APGAR score both at birth and at 5 minutes.

Table VII: Association of hsCRP with Birth weight of the neonate (N=60)

Table VII shows Association of hsCRP with Birth weight of the neonate. hsCRP was significantly lower at average birth weight cases comparing LBW and very low birth weight cases.

Table VIII: Association of hsCRP with others Fetal outcome (N=60)

Table VIII shows association of hsCRP with others Fetal outcome in PE patients. hsCRP was significantly higher in stillbirth(fresh), intrauterine growth retardation, birth asphyxia and prematurity cases.

Table IX: True positive, false positive, false negative and true negative value of hsCRP in diagnosis of severity of preeclampsia at a cut-off point >10.01

At a cut- off point > 10.01 true positive was found 27 (90), false positive was 1 (3.3), false negative was 3 (10) and true negative was 29 (96.7) which was significant.

Table X: Diagnostic efficacy parameters for the use of hsCRP levels in the diagnosis of severity of preeclampsia at a cut-off point >10.01

Table X shows diagnostic efficacy parameters for the use of hsCRP levels in the diagnosis of severity of preeclampsia at a cut-off point >10.01. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of hsCRP were 90.0%, 96.7%, 96.4% and 90.6% respectively.

Discussion

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disease characterized by systemic inflammation. Tillett and Francis discovered C-reactive protein (CRP) in the serum of patients suffering from the acute stage of Pneumococcus infection in 1930 [14]. hsCRP is an acute phase protein that multiplies at sites of inflammation. It is primarily produced in the liver, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and adipocytes as a homopentameric protein. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between hsCRP and the severity of preeclampsia and fetal outcome in a tertiary care hospital.

Maximum study subjects were in 21 – 30 years age group. Mean age of the study subjects was 28.13 ± 6.02 and 26.07 ± 5.44 years in PE with severe features and PE without severe features respectively. There was no significant difference among the groups. Similar age was observed in the study of Ertas et al. (2010) where mean age of PE without severe features and PE with severe features was 27.6 ± 3.6 and 25.4 ± 7.2 years respectively [15]. Similar observations were made by Kara and Gharib [16,17].

In this study, Primigravida was 13 (43.3%) PE with severe feature and 9 (30%) PE without severe features.  Multigravida was 17 (56.7%) in in PE with severe features patients and 21 (70%) in PE without severe features. There was no significance difference among the groups. In this study, nullipara was 15 (50.0%) in PE with severe feature and 11 (36.7%) in PE without severe features and Primipara was 5 (16.7%) in PE with severe features and 10 (33.3%) in PE without severe features.  Multipara was 10 (33.3%) and 9(30.0%) in PE with and without severe features.  In the study of Ertas et al. (2010), nulliparity was 54.0% in PE without severe features and 71.0% in PE with severe features.[5] Behboudi-Gandevani (2016) found nulliparity was 83.0% and 90.0% in PE without severe features and PE with severe features respectively [18].

Mean systolic BP was 169.67 ± 12.73 mmHg and 146.67 ± 7.11 mmHg in PE with severe features and PE without severe features respectively. Mean diastolic BP was 115.00 ± 7.31 and 96.33 ± 4.90 mmHg in PE with severe features and PE without severe features respectively. Similar blood pressure was observed in the study of Ertas et al. (2010) where they revealed that mean systolic BP was 148 ± 16 mmHg and 162 ± 14 mmHg in PE without severe features and PE with severe features respectively; mean diastolic BP was 96 ± 6.2 mmHg and 114 ± 7.2 mmHg in PE without severe features and PE with severe features respectively. [15]. In a similar study of  Kumru, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 172 ± 15 mm Hg and 108 ± 12 mm Hg respectively. [19]. There was significant positive correlation of hsCRP with systolic BP and diastolic BP in both PE with and without severe features.

hsCRP was found significantly higher in PE with severe features (13.90 ± 3.16 mg/L) than PE without severe features (7.59 ± 2.41 mg/L). Similar observation was made by Ertas et al. (2010) who found mean hsCRP in PE without severe features was 9.6±7.1 mg/L and in PE with severe features was 23.4±16.5 mg/L. [15] Behboudi- Gandevani (2016) revealed hsCRP level in PE without severe features and PE with severe features was 7.2 ± 2.2mg/L and 9.4 ± 3.95 mg/L respectively. [18] In a similar study, Kumru et al. (2005) found significantly higher level of hsCRP in preeclampsia patients (9.5±0.8 mg/L) than normal pregnant women (3.9±2.5 mg/L) [19]. Jannesari and Kazemi also found significantly higher level of hsCRP in PE patients (7.71±6.19 ng/ml) than normal pregnant women (5.44±3.94ng/ml), they also revealed significantly higher level of hsCRP in pregnant women with PE with severe features (8.90±7.27 mg/L) than pregnant women with PE without severe features (6.70 ± 5.06 mg/L) [20].

The average neonatal birth weight of PE without severe features was found to be significantly higher than that PE with severe features patients. There were 5 (16.7%) very LBW neonates in PE with severe features patients, but none in PE without severe features patients. Ertas revealed significantly lower birthweight in PE with severe features than PE without severe features [15]. hsCRP was significantly lower at average birth weight cases comparing LBW cases. According to Ertas, fetal birthweight was significantly higher in low hsCRP cases. [15] Kumru et al. (2005), in a similar study, found significantly lower birthweight in PE patients (2520±402.8 gm) than normal pregnant women (3125±735.5 gm), they also found elevated level of hsCRP was associated with low birth weight [19].

Limitations of the study

The present study was conducted in a very short period due to time constraints and funding limitations. The small sample size was also a limitation of the present study.

Conclusion

this study showed that the maternal hsCRP level was significantly higher in preeclampsia with severe features patients than PE without severe features patients. hsCRP was significantly higher in low birthweight, low APGAR score, stillbirth (fresh), intrauterine growth retardation, birth asphyxia and prematurity cases.

Recommendation

This study can serve as a pilot to much larger research involving multiple centers that can provide a nationwide picture, validate regression models proposed in this study for future use and emphasize points to ensure better management and adherence.

Acknowledgements

The wide range of disciplines involved in association of highly sensitive c-reactive protein with the severity of preeclampsia and fetal outcome research means that editors need much assistance from referees in the evaluation of papers submitted for publication. I would also like to be grateful to my colleagues and family who supported me and offered deep insight into the study.

Declaration

Funding:

None funding sources.

Conflict of interest:

None declared.

Ethical approval:

The study was approved by the ethical committee of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

References

1. ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 77 (2002): 67-75.
2. Duley L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. InSeminars in perinatology 33 (2009): 130-137.
3. Kuklina EV, Ayala C, Callaghan WM. Hypertensive disorders and severe obstetric morbidity in the United States. Obstetrics & Gynecology 113 (2009): 1299-1306.
4. Poon LC, Shennan A, Hyett JA, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on preeclampsia (PE): a pragmatic guide for first trimester screening and prevention. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 145 (2019): 1.
5. Yeasmin S, Uddin MJ. Determination of Risk Factors for Pre–Eclampsia in aTertiary Hospital of Bangladesh. Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal 16 (2017): 29-32.
6. Lyell DJ. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: Relevance for the neonatologist. Neo Reviews 5 (2004): e240-246.
7. Poon LC, Shennan A, Hyett JA, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on preeclampsia (PE): a pragmatic guide for first trimester screening and prevention. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 145 (2019): 1.
8. Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M. Pre-eclampsia. The Lancet 365 (2005): 785-799.
9. Black S, Kushner I, Samols D. C-reactive protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (2004): 48487-48490.
10. Azizia MM, Irvine LM, Coker M, et al. The role of C-reactive protein in modern obstetric and gynecological practice. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 85 (2006): 394-401.
11. PALOSUO T, HUSMAN T, KOISTINEN J, et al. C-reactive protein in population samples. Acta Medica Scandinavica 220 (1986): 175-179.
12. Jupe D. The acute phase response and laboratory testing. Australian family physician 25 (1996): 324-329.
13. Paternoster DM, Fantinato S, Stella A, et al. C-reactive protein in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis 12 (2006): 330-337.
14. Kirk K, Dempsey A. A systematic review of the treatment and management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Bangladesh.
15. Ertas IE, Kahyaoglu S, Yilmaz B, et al. Association of maternal serum highly sensitive C-reactive protein level with body mass index and severity of pre-eclampsia at third trimester. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 36 (2010):970-977.
16. Kara AE, Guney G, Tokmak A, et al. The role of inflammatory markers hs-CRP, sialic acid, and IL-6 in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. European Cytokine Network 30 (2019): 29-33.
17. Gharib M, Mostafa M, Harira M, et al. Predictive value of maternal serum C-reactive protein levels with severity of preeclampsia. Zagazig University Medical Journal 22 (2016): 1-2.
18. Behboudi-Gandevani S, Moghadam NA, Mogadam-Banaem L, et al. Association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein serum levels in early pregnancy with the severity of preeclampsia and fetal birth weight. Journal of perinatal medicine 40 (2012): 601-605.
19. Kumru S, Godekmerdan A, Kutlu S, et al. Correlation of maternal serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels with biochemical and clinical parameters in preeclampsia. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 124 (2006): 164-167.
20. Jannesari R, Kazemi E. Level of highly sensitive C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in pregnant women with mild and severe preeclampsia. Advanced biomedical research 6 (2017): 140.