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Clinical Accuracy of Renal Colic Diagnosis before Imaging; Are we Biased?

Article Information

Caleb Jing Hua Loo3, Pourya Pouryahya1, 2, 3*

1Casey hospital, Emergency Department, Program of Emergency Medicine, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia

2Monash Emergency Research Collaborative (MERC), Program of Emergency Medicine, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia

3Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

*Corresponding author: Dr. Pourya Pouryahya, Casey hospital, Department of Emergency, Program of Emergency Medicine, Monash Emergency Research Collaborative (MERC), Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 62-70 Kangan drive, Berwick, Victoria 3806, Australia

Received: 08 December 2020; Accepted: 15 December 2020; Published: 18 December 2020

Citation:

Caleb Jing Hua Loo, Pourya Pouryahya. Clinical Accuracy of Renal Colic Diagnosis before Imaging; Are we Biased?. Archives of Internal Medicine Research 3 (2020): 235-241

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Abstract

Introduction: Renal Colic is a common presentation to the Emergency Department (ED), accounting for 1.05 % of ED presentations. The aim of the study is to determine the accuracy of triage system in patients presenting with suspected renal colic and the effect of labelling bias in this cohort.

Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of adults (above 18 years old) presenting to any of the three Monash Health EDs between March 2019 and June 2019 and triaged as suspected renal colic. 43180 patients over 18 years old presented to Monash Health EDs during the study period, of which 275 were includ- ed in the study (0.64%).

Results: In 603 (1.40%) patients, the diagnosis of renal colic was confirmed. We calculated the triage accuracy of ED triage system for renal colic to be 78.8%. 371 (61.5%) were not identified as suspected renal colic at triage. Renal colic was confirmed in 234 (38.5%) patients upon discharge from ED. The other 41 (14.9) had been diagnosed with other alterative diagnosis. Comparing patients who were diagnosed with renal colic and other alternative diagnosis, the median ages of the 2 sub-groups were similar, however, the group with not renal colic diagnosis on discharge, had a larger proportion of females. A Chi Square test was performed which showed a statistically significant difference among the 2 groups in terms of gender (P=0.000124331).

Conclusions: Triage system for suspected renal colic seems to have a good accuracy. However, ED physicians should consider labelling bias and other differential diagnoses when assessing female patients with flank pain or tenderness, as there is a higher chance of misdiagnosis.

Keywords

Emergency Medicine, Emergency Department, Renal Colic, Pain, Fank Pain, Triage, Accuracy, Diagnosis

Emergency Medicine articles; Emergency Department articles; Renal Colic articles; Pain articles; Fank Pain articles; Triage articles; Accuracy articles; Diagnosis articles

Article Details

1. Introduction

Renal Colic is a common presentation to the Emergency Department (ED), making up 1.05 % of ED presentations [1]. The lifetime prevalence of renal colic in the general population is about 15% for males and 8% for females [2].  It typically presents as acute flank pain , classically radiates to the groin with associated nausea. In addition to pain, other potential complications of ureteric stone include superimposed infection and obstructive uropathy with acute kidney injury (AKI) [3]. Patients are triaged on arrival to the Australian Emergency Departments usually by a triage nurse and allocated a triage category based on the Australian triage system (ATS) after obtaining a brief history and examination, before being seen by the doctors in order of urgency.  Given the limited time available, the triage process is brief so critical assessment and management could be initiated accordingly. Many sources of diagnostic bias can occur when ED physicians are seeing patients with triaged diagnoses. Labelling bias or framing bias can occur when reading patients’ triage notes [4]. “Triage Cueing Error” and “Search satisfying behaviour” can occur during the initial assessment [5] Triage cueing error occurs when the physician’s subsequent behaviours and ideas are impacted by the triage diagnosis. This encompasses diagnostic momentum, anchoring bias and availability bias. This can cause physicians to incorrectly assume that patients with a lower triage acuity are not as sick and as a result miss a serious condition [6] including symptoms and complications including Abdominal aortic aneurism (AAA), referred pain secondary to testicular and ovarian torsion. Search satisfying behaviour occurs when a physician stops looking for further information once a positive finding is found [6]. This increases the likelihood of misdiagnosis and clinical error.  To avoid bias, it has been suggested for ED triage to describe patient symptoms without any labelling. rather than give specific diagnoses. Additionally, little is known about the extent of impact of bias on physician diagnosis in the ED. Renal colic typically presents with severe flank pain which may radiate to the groin. For patients under 50 with mild symptoms with minimal risk factors, investigations may not be necessary [7]. Diagnosis of renal colic is based on clinician gestalt and the clinical picture of the patient. The aim of the study is to determine the accuracy for this diagnosis on arrival after triage and determine the effect of labelling bias as well as the clinical outcomes of these cohort.

2. Methods

This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of adults (above 18 years old) presenting to any of the three Monash Health EDs with provisional diagnosis of renal colic between March and June 2019. Monash Health, located in south-east Melbourne, is the largest health network in Victoria, Australia, with approximately 230,000 annual presentations across three hospitals: Monash Medical Centre (tertiary hospital), Dandenong Hospital and Casey Hospital (district hospitals) This study was approved by the Monash Health and Monash University Human Research and Ethics Committees

(RES-19-0000-534Q).

2.1 Selection criteria

Adults more than 18 years old on presentation during the study period were identified through the ED medical records (Symphony, EMIS Health, Leads, UK) by electronically filtering between March and June 2019. Cases who did not wait (DNW) after triage to be seen by a doctor were excluded.  Patient demographics including the patient’s gender and age, date and time of presentation, presenting complaint, triage provisional diagnosis, investigations, management, final diagnosis and outcome were obtained and analysed.

2.2 Analysis

43180 patients over 18 years old presented to Monash

Health EDs during the study period, of which 273 were triaged as suspected renal colic (0.65%). 11 were excluded (did not wait to be seen; DNW).  In 232 (81.7%) the diagnosis of renal colic was confirmed upon discharge from ED. Patients who were triaged as suspected renal colic in the ED were divided into two subgroups based on final and discharge diagnosis. To identify any potential cases of labelling bias, the ED notes and charts of the 41 patients with alternative diagnosis were reviewed. Statistical Analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel to explore the significance of the difference in characteristics between the 2 subgroups.  A Chi square test was performed to calculate the significance of the difference in proportion of females. To identify any poor outcomes or re-presentations, a 4 week follow up period was used post discharge and data was obtained from the electronic medical record (EMR).

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 1: Study flowchart.

3. Results

Based on stated data, 0.658% of presentations were triaged as suspected renal colic. In total, 603 (1.40%) patients were diagnosed with renal colic in the ED during our 3-month study period, out of which only 232 (38.5%; 95% CI: 34.6%-42.4%) were specifically triaged as suspected renal colic. 371 (61.5%; 95% CI: 57.6%-65.4%) were triaged based on their symptoms i.e. flank pain/ abdominal pain/urinary symptoms etc but not specified as suspected renal colic.

3.1 Demographics

Out of the 273 triaged as suspected renal colic, the median age of the cohort was 43 years (IQR 36-54). 204 (74.7%; 95% CI: 69.6%-79.9%) were male and in 41 (14.9%; 95% CI: 10.8%-19.3%) the diagnosis of renal colic wasn’t confirmed and were discharged with alternative diagnoses. 60 patients (21.8%; 95% CI: 17.1%-26.9%) with confirmed renal colic were admitted to hospital for going management. Looking at the outcomes of the two groups, out of the 273 patients who were triaged as suspected renal colic, 215 (78.8%; 95% CI: 73.9%-83.6%) were subsequently discharged home from ED and 60 patients  (22.0%; 95% CI: 17.1%-26.9%) were admitted to urology ward for ongoing management; 33 of whom (12.1%; 95% CI: 8.22%-16.0%) required surgical intervention. 19 (6.96%; 95% CI: 3.94%-9.98%) patients who managed in ED and discharged home, re-presented subsequently and 11 (4.03%; 95% CI: 1.70%-6.36%) were manged in ED and discharged home, however 8 (2.93%; 95% CI: 0.93%-4.93%) of them required admission to the urology ward and 6 (2.20%; 95% CI: 0.459%-3.94%) required surgical intervention.

3.2 Subgroup analysis: Triaged but not diagnosed as renal colic

As a subgroup analysis, the 273 patients were further categorized into 2 sub-groups.  Looking at the sub-group with alternative diagnosis (not renal colic), the median age was 46 (IQR: 34-58) with 21 (51.2%) being female. 4 (9.75%) patient required admission to urology ward; Of those who were discharged home, 2 (4.88%) re-presented to ED for uncontrolled pain, who were discharged home after ED management without any bad outcome. For the sub-group with confirmed renal colic, the median age was 43 (IQR 36-52) with 49 (21.1%) being female. 57 (24.6%) of these cohort required admission to urology ward. 17 (7.33%) of them re-presented subsequently with 9 (3.88%) being managed within ED but 8 (3.45%) required admission to urology ward for ongoing management and 7 (3.02%) of those admitted required surgical intervention. Comparing patients in these 2 groups, the median ages of the 2 sub-groups were similar, however, the group with alternative diagnosis (non renal colic) had a larger proportion of females. A Chi Square test was performed which showed a statistically significant difference among the 2 groups in terms of gender (P=0.000124331).

Demographic

Triaged as suspected Renal Colic n (%)

Cohort Size

273

Median Age (IQR), yrs 

43 (36-54)

Male

204 (74.7%)

Alternative Dx

41 (15.0%)

Table 1: Cohort Demographics.

Outcomes

Triaged as Renal Colic

Discharged Home

215 (78.8%)

Admitted to urology Ward

60 (21.8%)

Surgical Intervention

33 (12.1%)

Cystoscopy + JJ Stenting

30 (11.0%)

Lithotripsy (ESWL) or Laser post cystoscopy and JJ stenting

3 (1.10%)

Re-presented to the ED

19 (6.96%)

Managed in ED and discharged Home

11 (4.03%)

Admitted to urology ward

8 (2.93%)

Table 2: Cohort Outcomes.

Demographic

Renal Colic

Other alternative Dx

Cohort Size

232

41

Median Age (IQR), yrs 

43 (36-52)

46 (34-58)

Female

49 (21.1%)

21 (51.2%)

Admitted to Urology ward

57 (24.6%)

4 (9.75%)

Re-presentation to ED

17 (7.33%)

2 (4.88%)

Confirmed Renal Colic

-

2 (4.88%)

Discharged Home

9 (3.88%)

2 (4.88%)

Admitted to Urology ward

8 (3.45%)

0

Table 3: Renal colic and other alternative Dx.

4. Discussion

The number of renal colic presentations in this study (1.40%) is similar to the reported data in Australia (1.05%) [1]. Multiple previous studies including the ACEM choose wisely group, have been recommending avoiding unnecessary imaging in patients with high pre-test probability of renal colic without any red flags, with Point of Care Ultrasound preferred [7]. Blecher et al. found that restricting CT Urography to those with poor analgesic response or ‘red flag’ symptoms help reduce the usage of CTU in the ED. They also recommended POCUS as initial imaging [8]. A meta-analysis by Wong et al. found that ultrasound has moderate diagnostic accuracy in diagnosis of renal stones [9]. However, point of care Ultrasound is currently not utilised well in the emergency department despite many recommendations [10]. The key management of Renal Colic in the emergency department involves pain control ranging from simple analgesics like paracetamol and NSAIDS to more potent ones including oral or intravenous opioids, of which the most prescribed in the ED is oxycodone [11]. IV opioids are usually the first medication of choice in acute management followed by other analgesics depending to the response. We calculated the triage accuracy of ED triage system for renal colic to be 78.8% if specified on triageThis shows that ED triage diagnoses are generally reliable. However only 38.5% of patients with renal colic were specifically identified on triage. 61.5% of patients with renal colic were triaged based on symptoms without any specific categorization.

It is usually an acceptable practice for triage nurses to briefly assess patient and allocate either a diagnosis or chief complaint followed by triage category according to ATS so that the assessment and management of the patient can be initiated accordingly. Fortunately, neither of the groups with confirmed renal colic or other alternative diagnoses following ED discharge had any no adverse outcomes. Comparing those who were diagnosed as renal colic and those not, the median ages of the 2 groups were largely similar. However, the 2 cohorts had differing proportions in gender. The P value of the difference is less than 0.05, hence the difference is statistically significant. This could potentially indicate that other diagnoses should be considered in female patients with flank pain before assuming renal colic.

4.1 Limitations

Given that our hospital network covers a large geographical area of south-eastern Melbourne, attrition bias is not likely, since repeat presentations are likely to represent to the same health network. Additionally, hospitals in the region notify each other of unexpected deaths following recent discharges. The decision was made within the limits of our funding and ethics approval to not attempt to contact patients who had no further presentations to hospital. It is unlikely, but not impossible, that there were patients missed by this approach. Given the retrospective nature of the study, the results are hypothesis generating and require prospective evaluation to assess any clinical applicability of the abnormal findings for the study population.

5. Conclusions

The ED Triage system for suspected renal colic seems

to have a good accuracy when screening patients with renal colic. However, most patients with renal colic are not diagnosed or labelled at triage. This helps to avoid potential biases. When assessing patients triaged as renal colic, ED physicians should consider labelling bias and other differential diagnoses when assessing female patients with flank pain or tenderness, as there is a higher chance of misdiagnosis.

References

  1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Emergency department care 2017–18: Australian hospital statistics (2018).
  2. Ming-Chak Lee, Simon Virgil Bariol. Epidemiology of Stone Disease in Australia. Urolithiasis (2012): 73-76.
  3. Curhan G, Aronson M, Preminger G. Diagnosis and acute management of suspected nephrolithiasis in adults. UptoDate (2020).
  4. O'sullivan E, Schofield S. Cognitive bias in clinical medicine. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 48 (2018): 225-232.
  5. Croskerry P. The Importance of Cognitive Errors in Diagnosis and Strategies to Minimize Them. Academic Medicine 78 (2003): 775-780.
  6. Raz M, Pouryahya P. Decision Making in Emergency Medicine: Biases, Errors and Solutions. Springer Nature Singapore Pty Ltd (2020).
  7. Foundation ABIM. ACEP - CT of abdomen and pelvis for ED patients under 50. Choosing Wisely (2014).
  8. Wong C, Teitge B, Ross M, et al. The Accuracy and Prognostic Value of Point-of-care Ultrasound for Nephrolithiasis in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Academic Emergency Medicine 25 (2018): 684-698.
  9. Blecher G, Meek R, Egerton-Warburton D, et al. Introduction of a new imaging guideline for suspected renal colic in the ED reduces CT urography utilisation. Emergency Medicine Journal 34 (2017): 749-754.
  10. Pouryahya P, Meyer ADM, Koo MPM. Prevalence and utility of point-of-care ultrasou-nd in the emergency department: A prospective observational study. Australasian Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 22 (2019): 273-278. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajum.12172.
  11. Pouryahya P, Birkett W, Meyer ADM, et al. Oxycodone prescribing in the emergency department during the opioid crisis. Emergency Medicine Australasia 32 (2020): 996-1000. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13545. Epub 2020 Jun 14. PMID: 32537895.

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